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The Effects of Helium on our Voice

Helium is a colorless and odorless element and one of the noble gases at room temperature, is listed in group 18 of the periodic table. It is the second most abundant element in the universe. The name comes from the Greek word Helios, meaning “Sun.” The gas was first isolated from terrestrial sources in 1895. Helium is the lightest of all but one gases. Helium, like the other noble gases, is almost chemically inert. Its single electron shell is filled, making possible reactions with other elements extremely difficult and the resulting compounds quite unstable. However, under extreme pressure some chemical reactions may occur. Molecules of compounds with other noble gases, and with hydrogen have been detected, however, and other compounds have been suggested, such as a combination of hydrogen-helium-iron.   .

 

Helium is the most difficult of all gases to liquefy and is impossible to solidify at atmospheric pressure. These properties make liquid helium extremely useful as a refrigerant and for experimental work in producing and measuring at very low temperatures. Liquid helium can be cooled almost to absolute zero at normal pressure by rapid removal of the vapor above the liquid. At a temperature slightly above absolute zero, it is transformed into a phase called helium II, also called superfluid helium, a liquid with unique physical properties. It has no freezing point, and its viscosity is apparently zero; it passes readily through minute cracks and pores and will even creep up the sides and over the lip of a container. Helium-3, the lighter helium isotope of mass 3, which has an even lower boiling point than ordinary helium, exhibits markedly different properties when liquefied. Some experiments indicate that at extremely low temperatures solid helium has unusual properties due to which it is called super solidity. Scientists are investigating the existence of super solidity. Solid helium becomes stiffer in a super solid state but also shows features of possible “perpetual flow” similar to superfluidity.

 

Helium also accounts for about 25 percent of the mass of the universe, compared to about 73 percent from hydrogen. Heavier elements make up the remaining amounts. Most of the helium in the universe was created about 13.7 billion years ago shortly after the event that began the universe. Helium is rare on Earth, primarily found mixed with natural gas trapped in underground pockets. Once helium is released it is so light it escapes Earth’s atmosphere into space and cannot be recovered. At sea level, helium occurs in the atmosphere at 5.4 parts per million. The proportion increases slightly at higher altitudes. About 1 part per million of atmospheric helium consists of helium-3, now thought to be a product of the decay of the radioactive hydrogen isotope of mass 3. The common helium isotope, helium-4, probably comes from radioactive alpha emitters in rocks. Natural gas, which contains an average of 0.4 percent helium, is the major commercial source of helium. By far the largest users of helium are agencies of the United States government.

 

Because it is noncombustible, helium is preferred to hydrogen as the lifting gas in lighter-than-air balloons; it has 92 percent of the lifting power of hydrogen, although it weighs twice as much. Helium is used to pressurize and stiffen the structure of rockets before takeoff and to pressurize the tanks of liquid hydrogen or other fuel in order to force fuel into the rocket engines. It is useful for this application because it remains a gas even at the low temperature of liquid hydrogen. A potential use of helium is as a heat-transfer medium in nuclear reactors because it remains chemically inert and nonradioactive under the conditions that exist within the reactors.

Liquid helium is important as a coolant to reach extremely low temperatures needed for the state when electric currents flow with virtually no resistance. Helium is used as part of the synthetic atmosphere breathed by deep-sea divers, caisson workers, and others, because it reduces health problems of divers. This synthetic atmosphere is also used in medicine to relieve sufferers of respiratory difficulties because helium moves more easily than nitrogen through constricted respiratory passages. Beams of ionized helium from synchrocyclotron sources are proving useful in treating eye tumors, by stabilizing or even shrinking the tumors. Such beams are also used to shrink blood-vessel malformations in the brains of patients. Helium is used in inert-gas arc welding for light metals, such as aluminum and magnesium alloys, that might otherwise oxidize; the helium protects heated parts from attack by air. Helium is transported as a gas in small quantities, compressed in heavy steel cylinders. Larger amounts of helium can be shipped as a liquid in insulated containers, thus saving shipping costs. Helium is a nonrenewable resource and cannot be created artificially in any practical way. The gas is important to many types of scientific research and may be essential to future advanced technologies.

A pertinent question is often posed in respect of side effects of helium when one inhales it from a balloon. It has been said that helium makes a small tiny hole in our brain which eliminates a brain cell and brain cells can not be replaced right. As known to us Helium is as inert as a gas can be. In fact Helium itself won't drill holes in our brain or kill brain cells.  The only health problem we might encounter from inhaling helium is oxygen deprivation, which can be very serious. This will only happen if the helium displaces all the oxygen from our lungs.  As long as we don't breathe only helium, that is, if we take a few breaths of air after exhaling the helium, there should be no problem.

 

Inhaling helium can cause our voice to change over an octave from its normal tone. To inhale helium from a balloon we just need to breathe out, and then breathe the helium in. After we have done that, let us talk. We will be amazed as our voice takes on the tone of a rather giggly mouse. The speed (and pitch for that matter) of the sound varies with the molecular weight of the gas that we breathe in. The molecular weight of dry air at 0°C is about 28.964, while that of helium is about 4.003 at the same temperature. The speed of the sound in dry air (at 0°C again) is about 331.3 m/s, while in helium the speed of sound is 891.2 m/s. Therefore the frequency of the sound in helium is almost 2.7 times higher than the sound in dry air. This causes the octave change in our voice. Therefore, one thing that we should be aware of before trying helium inhalation is the risk involved. Since our body has no use for helium when it is inhaled , we are essentially holding our breath for that whole time, so one must remember while breathing helium that it doesn't take long for someone to loose consciousness due to asphyxia. However, on rare occasions, people have actually died as a result of inhaling helium.

The really important thing is that we do not inhale helium from a canister. Helium in a balloon is at roughly the same pressure as the atmosphere, so when we breath in a lungful, it won't try to expand very much to take up more room. Helium from a canister is under high pressure. As it is released into the lower pressure atmosphere, the helium gas will expand rapidly. A balloon can take this as it is designed to expand, but our lungs cannot, and will rupture, leaving you seriously ill. Helium that is used for filling balloons is specially mixed to contain a little oxygen along with the helium. This makes the helium less hazardous, but it makes it by no means entirely safe. We should consider the consequences before inhaling the helium. Though it seems unlikely that anything will happen but it cannot be said that inhaling helium is risk free.

 

 

 

 

About the Author

Dr.Badruddin Khan teaches Chemistry in the University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India. Besides striving to contribute towards the cause of society by enriching its roots of desired fruit and the most valuable raw materials, the students, he tries his level best to make his brethren informed citizens by his write-ups. His contact-details are: E.mail:khanbudr@yahoo.co.in; Phone:00919906415909.

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